SOUTH AMERICAN SEA LION

Male And Female With Pup

The South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens, formerly Otaria byronia), also called the southern sea lion and the Patagonian sea lion, is a sea lion found on the western and south eastern coasts of South America. It is the only member of the genus Otaria. The species is highly sexually dimorphic. Males have a large head and prominent mane. They mainly feed on fish and cephalopods and haul out on sand, gravel, rocky, or pebble beaches. In most populations, breeding males are both territorial and harem holding; they establish territories first and then try to herd females into them. The overall population of the species is considered stable, estimated at 265,000 animals. The ancestors of South American sea lions are from the Oligocene and Miocene era, above 25 million years ago. Enaliarctids are hypothesized to be the ancestors of their eared seals.

Distinctive characteristics 

The South American sea lion was classified as Otaria flavescens by George Shaw in 1800 and as Otaria byronia by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1820. The two nomenclatures were historically used interchangeably, but O. flavescens has become the preferred name. The species is also known by the common name "southern sea lion", although it is not preferred since the Australian sea lion and New Zealand sea lion also range in the Southern Hemisphere. Locally, it is known by several names, including León Marino (sea lion) and lobo Marino (sea wolf).

The South American sea lion is among the largest of and most sexually dimorphic of the eared seals. Males measure up to 3 m (9.8 ft.) in length with a weight of 350 kg (770 lbs.) while females reach a length 2 m (6 ft. 7 in) and reach 150 kg (330 lbs.) in weight. Pups are born 0.86 m (2 ft. 10 in) long and weigh 12–15 kg (26–33 lbs.). Size differences between the sexes exists in both new-born and juveniles.

Adult males have large heads with short, upturned snouts and long manes which reach the shoulders. The fur is mainly brownish with adult males being dark brown and females being nearly yellowish. Pups are born black but become reddish-brown after their first molt.

Dental Formula    I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 6/5.

Size 

Male South American sea lions reach lengths of 3m, and weights of more than 300kg. Females only reach 2m, and weight an average of 150kg. New born pups are about 10cm long and 12-15 kg.   

Life span

Live up to 16- 20 years. One sea lion, at the valley zoo, in Edmonton Canada is 30 years old (in 2008).

Gestation period    365 days.

 Can be confused with

South American sea lions share most of their range with South American fur seals. Wandering South American sea lions have been recorded at the Galapagos and could occur within the range of Juan Fernandez fur seals, or vice versa. Also, Antarctic and Sub Antarctic fur seals occur as vagrants on the coast of South America.

South American sea lions are heavy-bodied animals with proportionately large heads and flippers, and are stockier and more muscular looking than similar size fur seals of any species. All fur seals have longer fur over the entire body and look shaggy when wet. The muzzle of fur seals is thinner and tapers to a pointed end, and the proportionately large eyes and long ear pinnae are more conspicuous. Fur seals are browns and grays, and darker than most South American sea lions of similar size, and have proportionately smaller flippers.

Galapagos sea lions are smaller overall and slimmer in build, with a much smaller head, proportionately longer and narrower muzzle, smaller lower jaw, and a smaller nose that is not turned up at the end. Coloration in smaller animals is similar, but bulls of each species are unmistakable in color and secondary sexual characteristics.

Distribution

The South American sea lion is found along the coasts and offshore islands of South America, from Peru south to Cape Horn and then north to southern Brazil. Notable breeding colonies include Lobos Island, Uruguay; Peninsula Valdes, Argentina; Beagle Channel, and the Falkland Islands. Some individuals wander as far north as southern Ecuador, although apparently they never bred there. However, the movement ecology of South American sea lions remains poorly understood, although bio logging studies in recent years have advanced our understanding of their at-sea movements at some breeding locations. There is no evidence of a winter migration of sea lions from the Falkland Islands.

South American sea lions breed on beaches made of sand, gravel, rocks, or pebbles. They can also be seen on flat, rocky cliffs with tide pools. Sea lion colonies tend to be small and scattered, especially on rocky beaches. The colonies make spaces between each individual when the weather is warm and sunny. South American sea lions consume numerous species of fishes, including Argentine hake and anchovies. They also eat cephalopods, such as short fin squid, Patagonian squid, and octopus. They have even been observed preying on penguins, pelicans, and young South American fur seals. South American sea lions may forage at the ocean floor for slow-moving prey or hunt schooling prey in groups, depending on the area. When captured, the prey is shaken violently and torn apart. South American sea lions have been recorded to take advantage of the hunting efforts of dusky dolphins. The sea lions themselves are preyed on by orcas and sharks; at Peninsula Valdes, orcas will beach themselves and grab sea lions near shore.

Ecology and behavior

South American sea lions are polygynous, mating occurs between December and February. Males arrive first to establish and defend territories, but then switch to defending females when they arrive. Estrus in females usually begins 6 days after the birth of a pup and soon after the copulations start with a peak in January. A male aggressively herds females in his territory and defends from both neighbor's and intruders. On rocky beaches, males establish territories where females go to cool off, keeping them until estrous. On cobble or sandy beaches, males have territories near the surf and monopolize females trying to get access to the sea. The number of actual fights between males depends on the number of females in heat. The earlier a male arrives at the site, the longer his tenure will be and the more copulations he will achieve. Males are usually able to keep around three females in their harems, but some have as many as 18.

During the breeding season, males that fail to secure territories and harems, most often sub adults, will cause group raids in an attempt to change the status quo and gain access to the females. Group raids are more common on sandy beaches than rocky ones. These raids cause chaos in the breeding harems, often splitting mothers from their young. The resident males try to fight off the raiders and keep all the females in their territorial boundaries. Raiders are often unsuccessful in securing a female, but some are able to capture some females or even stay in the breeding area with one or more females. Sometimes, an invading male abducts pups, possibly as an attempt to control the females. They also take pups as substitutes for mature females. Sub adults herd their captured pups and prevent them from escaping, much like adult males do to females. A pup may be mounted by its abductor, but intromission does not occur. While abducting pups does not give males immediate reproductive benefits, these males may gain experience in controlling females. Pups are sometimes severely injured or killed during abductions.

Despite being mostly a harem-territorial species, one population in Peru has been recorded having a lek-like breeding system. Here, with its longer ratio of males in comparison to females, the males cluster together and display and try to attract females while allowing then to move freely. The warmer climate also makes the females move constantly to the water, further making the traditional mating system difficult to maintain. The group raids that exist in temperate populations are virtually non-existent here. Sea lion mothers remain with their new-born pups for nearly a week before making a routine of taking three-day foraging trips and coming back to nurse the pups. They act aggressively to other females that come close to their pups, as well as alien pups that try to get milk from them. Pups first enter the water at about four weeks and are weaned at about 12 months. This is normally when the mother gives birth to a new pup. Pups gradually spend more time in the near shore surf and develop swimming skills.

South American sea lions are observed to make various vocalizations and calls which differ between sexes and ages. Adult males make high-pitched calls during aggressive interactions, barks and growls when establishing territories, growls when interacting with females, and exhalations after antagonistic encounters. Females with pups make a mother primary call when interacting with their pups, and grunts during aggressive encounters with other females. Pups make pup primary calls. Some of those vocalizations and acoustic features may support individuality.

Predation

Their Predators include pumas (puma concolor), Sharks (Orcinus Orca), and Killer Whales (Chondrichthyes).

Feeding and prey                 

South American sea lions are carnivorous. They feed on cephalopods, such as short fin squid, Patagonian squid, and octopus. They have even been observed preying on penguins, pelicans, and young South American fur seals.

Exploitation

Until recently Otaria flavescens was hunted for its fur, meet, and oil. Currently, there is no significant direct catch of South American sea lions. Many sea lions, however, are shot by fishermen and certainly many others are taken incidentally during fishing operations. Set and drift gillnets, in particular, appear to be taking large numbers each year. South American sea lions will steal fish from human fishing grounds by following fishing boat and stealing from the nets.

Threats and status

The South American sea lion has been a victim of the fur trade in the past, which caused a significant decline in numbers of individuals and in their range. Today, although it is illegal to kill sea lions in Argentina, numbers are still decline due to conflict and persecution by fisherman who will shoot sea lions that enter their fisheries. Also drowning in fishing net is a worrying threats. South American sea lions are not presently threatened. They experience a large population decline during the past 70 years in the Falkland Island. The reason for this abrupt decline is unknown. They are not currently threatened they are protected throughout most of their range.

Factors hypothesized include

The direct and indirect effects of large-scale commercial fisheries on key prey species, long –term ecosystem shifts, and changes in behavior by a primary predator, the killer whale, or a combination of these factors.

IUCN status    Least concern